Preface:    God explains the five stages of national discipline to Israel.

The Bible Summary of Leviticus 26 (in 140 characters or less): If you keep my laws I will give peace in the land and make you fruitful. If not I will scatter you, but I will not break my covenant.

There are many chapter commentaries on the book of Leviticus. This will be the most extensive examination of Leviticus 26, where you will be able to examine in depth every word of the original text. Every attempt has been made to make this both a complete and self-contained study. Therefore, all references, vocabulary, and related concepts should be found within this extensive study. Easy access links to more in-depth studies of some vocabulary words, concepts and doctrines are also provided.

Outline of Chapter 26:

Introduction

         vv.     1–13         Blessings are promised when the Hebrew People are Obedient to God's Word

         vv.    14–17         Penalty for disobedience: the first cycle of discipline

         vv.    18–20         Penalty for disobedience: the second cycle of discipline

         vv.    21–22         Penalty for disobedience: the third cycle of discipline

         vv.    23–26         Penalty for disobedience: the fourth cycle of discipline

         vv.    27–39         Penalty for disobedience: the fifth cycle of discipline

         vv.    40–46         God's faithfulness to Israel

Chapter Summary

Addendum

Charts, Graphics and Short Doctrines:

         Preface               Quotations

         Introduction         Titles and/or Brief Descriptions of Leviticus 26 (by various commentators)

         Introduction         Brief, but insightful observations of Leviticus 26 (various commentators)

         Introduction         Fundamental Questions About Leviticus 26

         Introduction         The Prequel of Leviticus 26

         Introduction 

         Introduction 

         Introduction         The Principals of Leviticus 26

         Introduction         The Places of Leviticus 26

         Introduction         By the Numbers

         Introduction         Timeline for Leviticus 26

         Introduction         A Synopsis of Leviticus 26

         Introduction         Outlines of Leviticus 26 (Various Commentators)

         Introduction         A Synopsis of Leviticus 26 from the Summarized Bible

         Introduction         The Big Picture (Leviticus 1–15)

         Introduction 

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         Introduction         Changes—additions and subtractions (for Leviticus 26)

         Introduction 

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         v.      9                God’s Conditional and Unconditional Promises to Abraham

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         v.      22              Freedom Meme (a graphic)

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         Summary            A Set of Summary Doctrines and Commentary

         Summary            Why Leviticus 26 is in the Word of God

         Summary            What We Learn from Leviticus 26

         Summary            Jesus Christ in Leviticus 26

         Summary            Edersheim Summarizes Leviticus 26

         Summary 

         Addendum          The Cycles of Discipline (1976) (by R. B. Thieme, Jr.)

         Addendum          Footnote for Leviticus 26:3 (Christian Community Bible)

         Addendum          Statutes, Judgments, Commandments, etc. (by Adam Clarke)

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         Addendum          Josephus’ History of this Time Period

         Addendum          A Complete Translation of Leviticus 26

         Addendum          Doctrinal Teachers Who Have Taught Leviticus 26

         Addendum          Word Cloud from a Reasonably Literal Paraphrase of Leviticus 26

         Addendum          Word Cloud from Exegesis of Leviticus 26

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An Introduction to Leviticus 26

I ntroduction: It is Leviticus 26, among many other passages, which caused people to come up with the JEPD (or documentary) hypothesis. This stands for the Jehovahist, the Elohimist, the priest and the Deuteronomic code (supposedly discovered in 621 bc)—these were the various authors (as the theory goes) of the first five books of the Bible. Why would someone come up with a theory of several authors for books four of which are spoken of as coming from the hand of Moses in the books themselves, in the Old Testament and in the New Testament? There are a number of reasons. These books record a great many miracles. Had the books of Moses been written during the time of Moses, they would not have been considered Holy Scripture as they were filled with miracles—miracles which occurred in the sight of all Israel—and everybody knows that miracles cannot happen. The books of Moses also look far into the future. This chapter, even before the Jews enter into the land, speaks of the dispersion of Israel which will occur when Israel becomes spiritually decadent. Well, it is just impossible to see into the future. And, finally, throughout the book of Leviticus, the most oft-used phrase is, and the Lord spoke to Moses, saying. God cannot speak to anyone (or maybe it is impossible for anyone to hear the voice of God); therefore, Moses could not have heard God speaking to him. Had this been written in his time period, then these books would not have been accepted as Holy Scripture, because all of this would be easily verified or disputed. However, this is a faulty hypothesis built upon faulty premises. One of the key points of this hypothesis was originally that one of the authors used the name Elohim and the other used the name Y^ehowah, and this is how they could be easily distinguished.

ZPEB: One of the fallacies of the Graf-Wellhausen documentary hypothesis was its examination of the text of the OT without reference to literature from Israel’s contemporaries. The criteria used for dissecting the early books of the Bible, including double names of individuals, groups, places, common nouns, the deity, and even changes of style, are, in fact, features that are paralleled in contemporary documents from Israel’s neighbors. For this and many other reasons, the documentary hypothesis has been widely abandoned or modified. In particular, it is not now generally held that the so-called Elohist or Yahwist sources can be traced in Judges.

However, people who accept this hypothesis today (because they like the faulty assumptions) do not distinguish between these two authors as such a distinction cannot be drawn (today, the two separate portions by these two supposed writers are now called JE and are no longer distinguished). However, as we have studied, the latter four books of Moses were indeed written by Moses and Genesis was likely compiled and (possibly) edited by him.

This chapter basically be divided into three portions: (1) what will God do on behalf of Israel if she obeys His commandments and walks in His statutes (vv. 1–13); (2) what will happen if Israel falls into apostasy (vv. 14–39); and, (3) a final promise of restoration to Israel (vv. 40–46). This is almost 100% prophecy and I have included a large amount of Scripture throughout this chapter showing where most of this chapter has been fulfilled. A portion of this chapter continues to be fulfilled today. When we study the prophets, we will see that there are certain peoples and certain city-states that God would wipe out; remove from history altogether. Those peoples were wiped out and we do not have their recognized ancestors to this day. However, no matt how Israel has failed, God has a purpose for them in the future. In almost every nation of the world, there are Jews. There are no Chaldeans, no Philistines, no Babylonians, no Syrians—descendants from the greatest nations of the past have faded into obscurity. However, the Jewish race remains and they will remain unto the end of time because God still have a purpose and a plan for them.

Let me read a footnote from The Amplified Bible: No greater evidence that God keeps His Word is available than the fact of the existence today of the Jews as a nation. Scattered for twenty-five centuries throughout the world with powerful forces determined to wipe them out, yet they are restored to their homeland, because, in spite of all their sins against Him, God refuses to break His covenant with their forefathers and with them. The presence of even a small number of Jews in the world, after all the centuries of diabolical effort to exterminate them, would alone be sufficient assurance that God will keep His promises whether good or bad, to individuals or to nations.

Throughout the Old Testament, we will continue to see a connection between Israel's spiritual status and their life in the promised land. This chapter is paralleled in Deuteronomy 28, which was spoke to the second generation. In Deuteronomy 28 we have God's blessing (vv. 1–14) and cursing (vv. 15–68); and in Deuteronomy 30, we have God's promise of future blessing..

Some things pointed out by Charlie Clough in connection with this chapter, which I would have missed otherwise, is the absolute sovereignty of God and His control over every aspect of our lives. He controls the climate (vv. 4, 19), animals and plant growth (vv. 4–6, 20, 22, 26); military function (vv. 7–8, 25,32–39); and the economy (vv. 10, 20, 26).

Finally, this chapter in many ways seems to be the conclusion of the book of Leviticus, whereas Leviticus 27 is somewhat anticlimactic, possibly an appendix (not added centuries later, but by Moses as directed by God the Holy Spirit). In fact, it is so presented in the NASB Study Bible's outline.

Leviticus 26 is one of the few chapters of Leviticus well-known to a specific group of students of the Word of God because it features the five cycles of discipline, a doctrine which R. B. Thieme, Jr. taught from the early 1970s forward (and possibly earlier).

An important consideration, when it comes to organizing this chapter is, just how many stages of discipline are there? I think that this can be determined primarily by two phrases: And if you do not listen to Me occurs five times in this chapter (vv. 14, 18, 21, 23, 27) and sevenfold (or, seven times) occurs four times in this chapter (vv. 18, 21, 24, 28). So, when it comes to dividing this portion of Leviticus 26 into five (or however many) cycles or stages of discipline, these words will figure into it. This would appear to divide the discipline into five sections. Vv. 29–39 describes the final and most horrific results. This is in exact parallel with R. B. Thieme, Jr.’s five cycles of discipline, one early form of which has been placed into the Addendum.

Timeline for Leviticus

There is very little narrative in the book of Leviticus; so this information may have been given to Moses in a few days or, at most, a few weeks; and Moses both wrote these things down and informed the people. Because of information previously studied in the introduction, we are not 100% certain if all of this material was given to Moses while in the newly erected Tabernacle. I would lean towards that being the case.

As I have done previously, since this chapters is what God is saying to Moses, I will begin and end the chapter with quotation marks. I will not insert a new set of quotation marks for each new paragraph.

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Blessings are promised when the Hebrew People are Obedient to God's Word

Here is how others have translated this passage:

Ancient texts:                       Note: I compare the Hebrew text to English translations of the Latin, Syriac (= Aramaic) and Greek texts, using the Douay-Rheims translation; George Lamsa’s translation, and Sir Lancelot Charles Lee Brenton’s translation as revised and edited by Paul W. Esposito, respectively. I often update these texts with non-substantive changes (e.g., you for thou, etc.). I often use the text of the Complete Apostles’ Bible instead of Brenton’s translation, because it updates the English text.

The Septuagint was the earliest known translation of a book (circa 200 b.c.). Since this translation was made before the textual criticism had been developed into a science and because different books appear to be translated by different men, the Greek translation can sometimes be very uneven.

When there are serious disparities between my translation and Brenton’s (or the text of the Complete Apostles’ Bible), I look at the Greek text of the Septuagint (the LXX) to see if a substantive difference actually exists (and I reflect these changes in the English rendering of the Greek text). I use the Greek LXX with Strong’s numbers and morphology available for e-sword. The only problem with this resource (which is a problem for similar resources) is, there is no way to further explore Greek verbs which are not found in the New Testament. Although I usually quote the Complete Apostles’ Bible here, I have begun to make changes in the translation when their translation conflicts with the Greek and note what those changes are.

The Masoretic text is the Hebrew text with all of the vowels (vowel points) inserted (the original Hebrew text lacked vowels). We take the Masoretic text to be the text closest to the original. However, differences between the Masoretic text and the Greek, Latin and Syriac are worth noting and, once in a great while, represent a more accurate text possessed by those other ancient translators.

In general, the Latin text is an outstanding translation from the Hebrew text into Latin and very trustworthy (I say this as a non-Catholic). Unfortunately, I do not read Latin—apart from some very obvious words—so I am dependent upon the English translation of the Latin (principally, the Douay-Rheims translation).

The comparisons which I do are primarily between the English translations which are taken from the ancient tongues. For the most part, the variances are so minor that I rarely investigate them any further than that.

Underlined words indicate differences in the text.

Bracketed portions of the Dead Sea Scrolls are words, letters and phrases lost in the scroll due to various types of damage. Underlined words or phrases are those in the Dead Sea Scrolls but not in the Masoretic text.

I will only list the translation from the Dead Sea Scrolls if it exists and if it is different from the Masoretic text.

The Targum of Onkelos is actually the Pentateuchal Targumim, which are The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan Ben Uzziel. On the Pentateuch With The Fragments of the Jerusalem Targum From the Chaldee by J. W. Etheridge, M.A. From http://www.becomingjewish.org/texts/targum/onkelos_Leviticus.html and first published in 1862.

Occasionally, there is an obvious error in the English translation, and I correct those without additional mention or footnoting. For instance, the online version of the Targum of Onkelos which I use has gorund in Ex. 4:9; I simply corrected the text. This may occur once or twice in a chapter.

I attempt to include translations which are different in their vocabulary and phrasing. On many occasions, I may include a translation which is not substantially different than another listed translation.

Most of the translations can be found here.

Ancient texts:

Masoretic Text (Hebrew)        “You (all) will not make empty (things); and a sculpted image and a pillar you (all) will not establish for yourselves; and a stone of imagination you (all) will not place in your land to bow down to upon her, for I [am] Y^ehowah your Elohim. My Sabbaths you (all) will keep and My sanctuary you (all) will fear/respect. I [am] Y^ehowah.

Dead Sea Scrolls                   .

Targum (Onkelos)                  . Translation for Onkelos and Pseudo-Jonathan by J. W. Etheridge, M.A. (1862).

Targum (Pseudo-Jonathan)   .

Jerusalem targum                  .

Updated Douay-Rheims         .

Douay-Rheims 1899 (Amer.) I am the Lord your God. You shall not make to yourselves any idol or graven thing: neither shall you erect pillars, nor set up a remarkable stone in your land, to adore it. For I am the Lord your God.

Keep my sabbaths, and reverence my sanctuary. I am the Lord.

Aramaic ESV of Peshitta        "'You shall make for yourselves no idols, neither shall you raise up an engraved image or a pillar, neither shall you place any figured stone in your land, to bow down to it: for I am Mar-Yah your God.

"'You shall keep my Sabbaths, and have reverence for my sanctuary. I am Mar-Yah.

Lamsa’s Peshitta (Syriac)     .

V. Alexander’s Aramaic T.     .

Samaritan Pentateuch           .

Updated Brenton (Greek)       I am the Lord your God: you shall not make to yourselves gods made with hands, or graven images; neither shall you rear up a pillar for yourselves, neither shall you set up a stone for an object in your land to worship it: I am the Lord your God.

You shall keep My Sabbaths, and reverence My sanctuaries: I am the Lord.

Significant differences: 

Limited Vocabulary Translations:

Bible in Basic English             Do not make images of false gods, or put up an image cut in stone or a pillar or any pictured stone in your land, to give worship to it; for I am the Lord your God. 

Keep my Sabbaths and give honour to my holy place: I am the Lord.

Easy English                          .

Easy-to-Read Version–2008  "Don't make idols for yourselves. Don't set up statues or memorial stones in your land to bow down to, because I am the LORD your God!

"Remember my special days of rest and honor my holy place. I am the LORD.

God’s Word™                         The LORD continued, "Never make worthless idols or set up a carved statue or a sacred stone for yourselves. Never cut figures in stone to worship them in your country, because I am the LORD your God.

Observe my days of worship and respect my holy tent. I am the LORD.

Good News Bible (TEV)         The LORD said, "Do not make idols or set up statues, stone pillars, or carved stones to worship. I am the LORD your God.

Keep the religious festivals and honor the place where I am worshiped. I am the LORD.

The Message                         .

Names of God Bible               .

NIRV                                      .

New Simplified Bible              .

Thought-for-thought translations; dynamic translations; paraphrases:

Casual English Bible             .

Contemporary English V.       I am the LORD your God! So don't make or worship any sort of idols or images.

Respect the Sabbath and honor the place where I am worshiped, because I am the LORD.

The Living Bible                     .

New Berkeley Version           .

New Life Version                    .

New Living Translation           .

UnfoldingWord (Simplified)    Yahweh also said this to Moses on Mount Sinai, "Do not make idols or set up carved figures or sacred stones to worship as if they were God. And do not put on your property a stone that you have carved so you can bow down to it. You must worship only me, Yahweh, your God.  

Honor the Sabbath days and revere my sacred tent, because I, Yahweh, live there.

Partially literal and partially paraphrased translations:

American English Bible          .

Beck’s American Translation .

Common English Bible           .

New Advent (Knox) Bible       .

Translation for Translators     .

Mostly literal renderings (with some occasional paraphrasing):

Christian Standard Bible        .

Berean Study Bible                . sculpted

Conservapedia                       .

Revised Ferrar-Fenton Bible  .

God’s Truth (Tyndale)           .

The Heritage Bible                           Deu 28 corresponds with Lev 26

You shall not make to yourselves good for nothing idols;¹ and you shall not raise up for yourselves a carved image and an idolatrous column; and you shall not give a stone image in your land to prostrate yourselves to it, because I am Jehovah your God.

You shall hedge about my Sabbaths and reverence my sanctuary; I am Jehovah.

¹ 26:1 idols, eliyl, meaning good for nothing, or nothingness. That is why St. Paul said that we know that an idol is nothing, 1 Cor 8:4.

International Standard V        Rewards for Obedience

“You are not to make worthless idols, images, or pillars for yourselves, nor set up for yourselves carved images to bow down to them in the land, because I am the Lord your God.

“You are to keep my Sabbath and fear my sanctuary. I am the Lord.

Lexham English Bible            .

NIV, ©2011                             .

Unfolding Word Literal Text             "You must make no idols, and you must not lift up a carved figure or a sacred stone pillar, and you must not place any carved stone image in your land to which you bow down, for I am Yahweh your God.  

You must keep my Sabbaths and honor my sanctuary. I am Yahweh.

Urim-Thummim Version         You will not fashion yourselves worthless idols, neither raise up a pillar, nor will you set up any figure of stone in your land, to bow down to it, because I am YHWH your Elohim.

You will observe my Sabbaths and reverence my Holy Place, I am YHWH.

Wikipedia Bible Project          You will not make idols for yourselves, and a statue and monument you will not erect for yourselves. And you will not place a engraved stone in your land to bow down to, because I am Yahweh, your god.

My sabbath you will keep, and my temple you will fear. I am Yahweh.

Catholic Bibles (those having the imprimatur):

Christian Community (1988)           You shall not make for yourselves idols or set up an image or pillar or carved stone in your land to bow before it for I am Yahweh, your God.

You shall keep my sabbaths and reverence my sanctuary. I am Yahweh.

19:30; Jer 17: 19-27

New American Bible(2011)    .

The Catholic Bible                  .

New Jerusalem Bible             .

NRSV (Anglicized Cath. Ed.) .

Revised English Bible–1989            .

Jewish/Hebrew Names Bibles:

Complete Jewish Bible           .

exeGeses companion Bible   .

Hebraic Roots Bible               You shall not make idols to yourselves; and you shall not set up for yourselves graven images, or a memorial pillar. And you shall not place any stone image in your land, to bow yourselves to it; for I am YAHWEH your Elohim.

You shall keep My Sabbaths, and revere My sanctuary; I am YAHWEH.

Kaplan Translation                 . The Kaplan Translation, particularly in Leviticus through Deuteronomy, takes note of historic rabbinic opinions.

The Scriptures–2009              ‘Do not make idols for yourselves, and do not set up a carved image or a pillar for yourselves, and do not place a stone image in your land, to bow down to it. For I am יהוה your Elohim. 

‘Guard My Sabbaths and reverence My set-apart place. I am יהוה.

Tree of Life Version                “You are not to make idols for yourselves, nor raise up an engraved image or a standing-stone, or place any carved stone in your land to bow down to it. For I am Adonai your God.

You are to keep My Shabbatot and have reverence for My Sanctuary. I am Adonai.

Weird English, Olde English, Anachronistic English Translations:

Alpha & Omega Bible            I AM JESUS YOUR THEOS (The Alpha & Omega): YOU SHALL NOT MAKE TO YOURSELVES GODS MADE WITH HANDS, OR GRAVEN; NEITHER SHALL YOU REAR UP A PILLAR FOR YOURSELVES, NEITHER SHALL YOU SET UP A STONE FOR AN OBJECT IN YOUR LAND TO WORSHIP IT. I AM JESUS YOUR THEOS (The Alpha & Omega). †(Exodus 20:1 to Exodus 20:4, Deuteronomy 4:15 to Deuteronomy 4:19)

YOU SHALL KEEP MY REST DAYS, AND REVERENCE MY SANCTUARIES. I AM JESUS.

Awful Scroll Bible                   Was you to make worthless idols? - was you to set up monument pillars? - was you to fix images of stone to bow down to, on the solid grounds? - I am to be Sustains To Become he of mighty ones.

You was to observe my sabbaths, and was to hold awful my set apart place; I am to be Sustains To Become.

Concordant Literal Version    You shall not make forbidden idols for yourselves, nor set up carvings and monuments for yourselves, nor put a stone picture in your land to bow yourself down before it, for I, Yahweh, am your Elohim.

Instead My sabbaths shall you observe, and My sanctuary shall you fear:I am Yahweh.

exeGeses companion Bible   BLESSING OF OBEDIENCE

Work neither idols nor sculptiles

nor raise a monolith;

nor give any imagery of stone in your land

to prostrate thereto:

for I - Yah Veh your Elohim.

Guard my shabbaths and awe my holies:

I - Yah Veh.

Orthodox Jewish Bible           Ye shall not make for you elilim or pesel or set up matzevah, neither shall ye set up even maskit (carved stone) in your land, lehishtachavot (to bow down) unto it: for I am Hashem Eloheichem. V. 2 will be placed with the next passage for context.

Rotherham’s Emphasized B. .

Expanded/Embellished Bibles:

The Amplified Bible                .

The Expanded Bible              .

Kretzmann’s Commentary    .

Lexham English Bible            Blessings for Obedience

“ ‘You [Plural throughout the entire chapter] shall not make for yourselves idols and divine images, and you shall not raise up stone pillars for yourselves, and you shall not put a sculptured stone in your land in order to [Or “to”] worship before it, because I am Yahweh your God.

“ ‘You shall keep my Sabbaths, and you shall revere my sanctuary; I am Yahweh.

Syndein/Thieme                     .

The Voice                               .

Bible Translations with Many Footnotes:

The Complete Tanach           .

The Geneva Bible                  .

Kaplan Translation                 Slaves of Gentiles

[Therefore,] do not make yourselves false gods. Do not raise up a stone idol or a sacred pillar for yourselves.

Do not place a kneeling stone in your land so that you can prostrate yourselves on it. I am God your Lord.

Keep My Sabbaths and revere My sanctuary, I am God.

kneeling

(Targum; Yad, Avodath Kokhavim 6:6; HaKethav VeHaKabbalah). Evven maskith in Hebrew. Or, 'a decorated stone' (Targum Yonathan; Saadia; Rashbam); 'a stone pavement' (Rashi; cf. Megillah22b); 'an indication stone' (Hirsch), lithon opokon in Greek (Septuagint). It may also indicate a stone having images for contemplation in order to see visions.

prostrate yourselves

Even to God (Yad, loc. cit.; Sefer HaMitzvoth, Negative 12).

NET Bible®                             .

New American Bible(2011)    .

Rotherham’s Emphasized B.                   § 23. After a brief Summary of Law, the Blessings of

Obedience and the Evils of Disobedience are largely set forth.

Chapter 26.

Ye shall not make unto you idols,—<neither image^ˎb nor pillar> shall ye set up for yourselves, nor <sculptured stone> shall ye place in your land, to bow yourselves down thereunto,—

For ||I—Yahweh|| am your God.—

<My sabbaths> shall ye observe,

And <my sanctuary> shall ye revere,—

||I|| am Yahweh.

^b Heb.: pesel. Cp. Exo. xx. 4, n.

Literal, almost word-for-word, renderings:

A Faithful Version                  " 'You shall make no idols to yourselves; and you shall not set up for yourselves graven images, or a standing pillar. And you shall not set up any image of stone in your land in order to bow down to it, for I am the LORD your God. 

You shall keep My Sabbaths and reverence My sanctuary. I am the LORD.

C. Thomson Updated OT       .

Context Group Version          You (pl) shall not make yourselves idols, neither shall you (pl) set yourselves up a carved image, or a pillar, neither shall you (pl) place any figured stone in your (pl) land, to bow down to it: for I am YHWH your (pl) God. You (pl) shall keep my Sabbaths, and reverence my special place: I am YHWH.

English Standard Version      . erect

Green’s Literal Translation    .

Legacy Standard Bible           .

Literal Standard Version        “You do not make idols for yourselves; and you do not set up carved image or standing image for yourselves; and you do not put a stone of imagery in your land, to bow yourselves to it; for I [am] your God YHWH. You keep My Sabbaths and you revere My sanctuary; I [am] YHWH.

Modern English Version         .

Modern Literal Version 2020  You* will make no idols to you*. Neither will you* rear up a graven image, or a pillar to you*. Neither will you* place any figured stone in your* land, to bow down to it. Because I am Jehovah your* God.

You* will keep my Sabbaths and reverence my sanctuary. I am Jehovah.

New American Standard B.    .

New European Version          .

New King James Version       .

Niobi Study Bible                   .

Revised Mechanical Trans.    You will not make for you worthless ones, and sculpture and monument you will not make rise for you, and stone of imagery you will not place in your land to bow yourself down upon her, given that I am YHWH your Elohim.

My ceasings you will safeguard, and my sanctuary you will fear, I am YHWH.

Updated Bible Version 2.17   .

A Voice in the Wilderness      .

Webster’s Bible Translation  .

World English Bible                .

Young's Literal Translation     .

Young's Updated LT              .

The gist of this passage: 

1-2

Translation: You (all) will not manufacture idols;...

We have several terms here which appear to be synonymous. The first word, usually translated idols is the plural of ʾělîyl (אֱלִיל) [pronounced el-EEL] has a meaning which is unclear, but it is probably close to worthless, feeble, poor, weak, insufficient. This describes the power of the idols in our lives. The first time we find this word used is in Leviticus 19:4. This is something which takes the place of God, is our own personal opinion of Who and What God is, usually modeled after our own selves, often our own best selves. It is the use of ’ělîyl in Job 13:4 which indicates that this is something of little or no value; when found in Isaiah 2:20, things of earthly value (things which are molded perhaps to be gods) are called idols; and in the gods of other peoples are called idols in Psalm 96:5 Isaiah 10:11 91:1, 3.

The people were not to practice idolatry in any way. They were not to manufacture idols.

Translation: ...and you (all) will not stand up [any] sculpted image or [any idolatrous] pillar.

Peçel (פֶּסֶל) [pronounced PEH-cell] comes from a verb which means to hew into a shape, so graven image is a good translation; however, if that is too Old English, then sculpted image is more accurate. This word occurs a lot in the time of the judges and in the time of Isaiah, both times of great apostasy in the nation Israel. It is associated with trust in Isaiah 42:17 and idolatry in this passage, indicating that this is more than just a mere sculpture. We first find this word in the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20:4.

Pillar is a neutral term that can go either way. It is the word m^etsôbâyâh (מְצֹבָיָה) [pronounced mets-o-baw-YAW] and we find it when a pillar or monument is left to commemorate personal contact with God (Genesis 26:18, 22 35:14); or it can be a pillar commemorating a relationship with idols, which are Satan's demons, as in Exodus 23:24 Deuteronomy 7:5 2Kings 3:2; these pillars can have specific shapes (usually when used of demon images as in Hosea 10:1 Micah 5:13) or not (Genesis 31:13, 45, 51–52). My impression here is that these are generally larger than the sculpted images and they are not always sculpted. Strong's #4676 & #4678 BDB #663.

Pillars and sculpted images were often worshiped. The people were not to make any of those and stand them up in prominent places.

Translation: You will not place a stone idol in your land to bow down beside her,...

Mas^ekkîyth (משׂכּית) [pronounced mah-s^ek-KEETH] is a tough word. It is found in only six passages (Leviticus 26:1 Numbers 33:52 Psalm 73:7 Proverbs 18:11 25:11 Ezekiel 8:12). BDB gives its meanings as showpiece, figure, imagination. Here it accompanies with word stone, perhaps indicating a stone cut according to one's imagination. In context, it obviously has something to do with idolatry and with stone. The use of this word in Psalm 73:7 and Proverbs 18:11 seem to indicate that thinking or imagination are involved. My educated opinion is that this is a stone sculpted according to one's imagination of the unseen world. Freeman gives the possibilities that this is a stone formed into a figure or an idol of stone as opposed to one made of wood or iron. He also gives the possibility that there are stones with figures or hieroglyphic inscriptions. In either case, context indicates that worship was involved. Strong's #4906 BDB #967.

Stone idols were often carved. The people of Israel were not to do this and they were not to bow down next to such an idol.

Translation: ...for I [am] Y^ehowah your Elohim.

God proclaims His Name as Y^ehowah; and because He has purchased his people, the sons of Jacob, He is able to direct them in religious matters.

Leviticus 26:1 You (all) will not manufacture idols; and you (all) will not stand up [any] sculpted image or [any idolatrous] pillar. You will not place a stone idol in your land to bow down beside her, for I [am] Y^ehowah your Elohim. (Kukis mostly literal translation)

Note the context here: we are not forbidden to make statues or figurines; what is forbidden is the worship of same. That is, a figurine of the virgin Mary (as though we have even a clue as to her physical appearance) is probably okay. Kneeling before such a statue is idolatry and forbidden. Carrying around this figurine in a car for good luck is not idolatry, necessarily; it is simply foolish as there is no luck in God's plan.

Translation: You (all) will keep My Sabbaths...

Sabbaths, plural, refers to the Sabbath days, the Sabbath years, the feast days which are Sabbaths and the Year of Jubilee, which is a Sabbath year of sorts. The word for reverence is the word often translated fear throughout the Bible. This clearly shows us that fear is only a part of the meaning of this word.

God reminds the people to keep all of His Sabbaths. There were Sabbath days, Sabbath years and the Year of Jubilee was also a Sabbath.

The Hebrew people went overboard when it came to observing the seventh-day Sabbath. They made up a ton of extra regulations to follow with regard to that Sabbath. However, they did not observe the Sabbath year and they did not observe the Year of Jubilee.

Translation: ...and you (all) will respect My sanctuary.

The sanctuary was the center of worship for the Israelites. It was built at the end of Exodus and is in existence at this time. It moves with the people wherever they go. When they come to the land, it will be planted, so to speak. That is, it will be placed in a city and left there for a longer period of time.

What was done with regards to the worship of God took place in and around that sanctuary. The people did not go inside of it. It was not a church building.

Translation: I [am] Y^ehowah. (Kukis mostly literal translation)

Again, God was able to make such pronouncements be He is their God.

Leviticus 26:2 You (all) will keep My Sabbaths and you (all) will respect My sanctuary. I [am] Y^ehowah. (Kukis mostly literal translation)

Leviticus 26:1–2 You (all) will not manufacture idols; and you (all) will not stand up [any] sculpted image or [any idolatrous] pillar. You will not place a stone idol in your land to bow down beside her, for I [am] Y^ehowah your Elohim. You (all) will keep My Sabbaths and you (all) will respect My sanctuary. I [am] Y^ehowah. (Kukis mostly literal translation)

Leviticus 26:1–2 You, as a people, will not manufacture idols or set up sculpted images or pillars to worship. You will not place any stone idol in your land with the intention of bowing down toward it, for I am Jehovah your God. You will keep all of My Sabbaths and you will respect my sanctuary and all of the related animal sacrifices which take place there. I am Jehovah. (Kukis paraphrase)

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Here is how others have translated this passage:

Ancient texts:

Masoretic Text (Hebrew)        If in My statutes you (all) keep walking and My commandments you (all) keep guarding, and you (all) have done them, and I have given your showers in your proper time and has given the land her produce, and a tree of the field will give his fruit. And has reached for you (all) threshing to vintage and vintage has reached a seed. And you (all) have eaten your bread to satiety and you (all) have remained to safety in your land.

Dead Sea Scrolls                   .

Jerusalem targum                  .

Targum (Onkelos)                  .

Targum (Pseudo-Jonathan)   .

Aramaic Targum                    .

The Psalms Targum              .

Updated Douay-Rheims         .

Douay-Rheims 1899 (Amer.) If you walk in my precepts, and keep my commandments, and do them, I will give you rain in due seasons.

And the ground shall bring forth its increase: and the trees shall be filled with fruit.

The threshing of your harvest shall reach unto the vintage, and the vintage shall reach unto the sowing time: and you shall eat your bread to the full, and dwell in your land without fear.

Aramaic ESV of Peshitta        "'If you walk in my statutes, and keep my commandments, and do them;

then I will give you your rains in their season, and the land shall yield its increase, and the trees of the field shall yield their fruit.

Your threshing shall reach to the vintage, and the vintage shall reach to the sowing time; and you shall eat your bread to the full, and dwell in your land safely.

Original Aramaic Psalms        .

V. Alexander’s Aramaic T.     .

Plain English Aramaic Bible   .

Lamsa’s Peshitta (Syriac)     .

Samaritan Pentateuch           .

Updated Brenton (Greek)       If you will walk in My ordinances, and keep My commandments, and do them,

then will I give you the rain in its season, and the land shall produce its fruits, and the trees of the field shall yield their fruit.

And your threshing time shall overtake the vintage, and your vintage shall overtake your seedtime; and you shall eat your bread to the full; and you shall dwell safely upon your land, and war shall not go through your land.

Significant differences: 

Limited Vocabulary Translations:

Bible in Basic English             If you are guided by my rules, and keep my laws and do them, 

Then I will give you rain at the right time, and the land will give her increase and the trees of the field will give their fruit; 

And the crushing of the grain will overtake the cutting of the grapes, and the cutting of the grapes will overtake the planting of the seed, and there will be bread in full measure, and you will be living in your land safely.

Easy English                          .

Easy-to-Read Version–2008  "Remember my laws and commands, and obey them. If you do these things, I will give you rains at the time they should come. The land will grow crops and the trees of the field will grow their fruit. Your threshing will continue until it is time to gather grapes. And your grape gathering will continue until it is time to plant. Then you will have plenty to eat. And you will live safely in your land.

God’s Word™                         "This is what I will do if you will live by my laws and carefully obey my commands: "I will give you rain at the right time. The land will produce its crops, and the trees in the field will produce their fruit. Threshing time will last until grape gathering, and grape gathering will last until planting. You will eat all you want and live securely in your land.

Good News Bible (TEV)         "If you live according to my laws and obey my commands, I will send you rain at the right time, so that the land will produce crops and the trees will bear fruit. Your crops will be so plentiful that you will still be harvesting grain when it is time to pick grapes, and you will still be picking grapes when it is time to plant grain. You will have all that you want to eat, and you can live in safety in your land.

The Message                         .

Names of God Bible               .

NIRV                                      .

New Simplified Bible              .

Thought-for-thought translations; dynamic translations; paraphrases:

Casual English Bible             .

Contemporary English V.       Faithfully obey my laws, and I will send rain to make your crops grow and your trees produce fruit. Your harvest of grain and grapes will be so abundant, that you won't know what to do with it all. You will eat and be satisfied, and you will live in safety.

The Living Bible                     .

New Berkeley Version           .

New Life Version                    .

New Living Translation           .

The Passion Translation        .

Unfolding Bible Simplified      If you carefully obey all my commands, I will send rain for you at the proper times in order that crops will grow on your land and there will be plenty of fruit on your trees. You will continue harvesting and threshing grain until it is time to harvest grapes, and you will continue to harvest grapes until it is time to start planting things in the following year. You will have all the food that you want to eat, and you will live safely in your land.

Partially literal and partially paraphrased translations:

American English Bible          .

Beck’s American Translation .

Common English Bible           .

New Advent (Knox) Bible       .

Translation for Translators     .

Mostly literal renderings (with some occasional paraphrasing):

Berean Study Bible                .

Christian Standard Bible        .

Conservapedia Translation    .

Revised Ferrar-Fenton Bible  .

God’s Truth (Tyndale)           .

The Heritage Bible                          If you walk in my enactments, and hedge about my commandments, and do them,

Then I will give you rain in due season, and the land shall give her produce, and the trees of the field shall give their fruit.

And your threshing shall reach to the vintage, and the vintage shall reach to the sowing time; and you shall eat your food to satisfaction, and dwell in your land in safety.

International Standard V        “If you live [Lit. walk] by my statutes, obey my commands, and observe them, then I’ll send [Lit. give] your rain in its season so that the land will yield its produce and the trees of the field will yield their fruit. Threshing will extend to the time of vintage and the vintage will extend to the time of sowing so that you’ll eat your bread to your satisfaction and live securely in your land.

H. C. Leupold                         .

Lexham English Bible            .

NIV, ©2011                             .

Unfolding Bible Literal Text    If you walk in my laws and keep my commandments and obey them, then I will give you rain in its season; the land will yield its produce, and the trees of the field will yield their fruit. Your threshing will continue to the time of the grape harvest, and the grape harvest will extend to the planting season. You will eat your bread to the full and live safely where you make your home in the land.

Urim-Thummim Version         If you walk in my statutes and observe my commandments and institute them, I will then give you rain in due season and the land will yield its produce and the trees of the field will yield their fruit. And your threshing will overtake your vintage, and the vintage will overtake the sowing time, and you will eat your bread to the full and live in your land in security.

Wikipedia Bible Project          If you will walk in my laws, and my commandments you will keep, and you made them. And at its time I gave to you the rain, and the land will give its bounty, and the tree of the field will give its fruit. And your threshing will last until the vintage, and the vintage will last until planting, and you will eat your bread to satiety, and you will settle your land in safety.

Catholic Bibles (those having the imprimatur):

Christian Community (1988)  Promises of God

• If you walk according to my precepts and obey my commandments, if you carry them out, I will give you rain in its season and the land will yield its produce, the trees in the field their fruit; the threshing time will last to vintage time and the vintage till sowing time. You will have food in abundance and you will live securely in your land. Ezk 34: 26-27

Footnote for v. 3 is placed in the Addendum.

New American Bible (2011)   .

The Catholic Bible                  .

New Jerusalem Bible             .

NRSV (Anglicized Cath. Ed.) .

Revised English Bible–1989   .

Jewish/Hebrew Names Bibles:

Complete Jewish Bible           .

exeGeses companion Bible   .

Hebraic Roots Bible               .

Kaplan Translation                 Rewards for Obedience

If you follow My laws and are careful to keep My commandments,

I will provide you with rain at the right time, so that the land will bear its crops and the trees of the field will provide fruit.

[You will have so much that] your threshing season will last until your grape harvest, and your grape harvest will last until the time you plant. You will have your fill of food, and [you will] live securely in the land.

The Scriptures–2009              ‘If you walk in My laws and guard My commands, and shall do them, then I shall give you rain in its season, and the land shall yield its crops, and the trees of the field yield their fruit. 

‘And your threshing shall last till the time of the grape harvest, and the grape harvest shall last till the time of sowing. And you shall eat your bread until you have enough, and shall dwell in your land safely.

Tree of Life Version                “If you walk in My statutes, keep My mitzvot and carry them out, then I will give you rains in their season, the land will yield its crops, and the trees of the field will yield their fruit. Your threshing will last until grape gathering, the grape gathering will last until the sowing time, you will eat your bread to the full, and live securely in your land.

Weird English, Olde English, Anachronistic English Translations:

Alpha & Omega Bible            .

Awful Scroll Bible                   .

Concordant Literal Version    .

exeGeses companion Bible   .

Orthodox Jewish Bible           .

Rotherham’s Emphasized B. .

Rotherham’s Emphasized B. ≤If <in my statutes> ye will walk,—

And <my commandments> ye will observe, and do them≥

Then will I give your rains in their season,—

And the land shall yield her increase,

And ||the trees of the field|| shall yield their fruit.

Then shall your threshing reachʹ unto the vintage,

And ||the vintage|| shall reach unto the seedtime,—

And ye shall eat your food to the full;

And shall dwell securely in your land.

Expanded/Embellished Bibles:

The Amplified Bible                .

The Expanded Bible              .

Kretzmann’s Commentary    

Lexham English Bible            .

Syndein/Thieme                     .

The Voice                               .

Bible Translations with Many Footnotes:

The Complete Tanach           .

The Geneva Bible                  .

Kaplan Translation                 .

NET Bible®                             .

New American Bible (2011)   .

New Catholic Bible                 .

Literal, almost word-for-word, renderings:

A Faithful Version                  . Due

C. Thomson Updated OT       .

Charles Thomson OT            I am the Lord your God; you shall not make for yourselves carved or graven images, nor set up a pillar for yourselves, nor place a watch stone in your land to worship it. I am the Lord your God, you shall keep my sabbaths, and reverence my holy things. I am the Lord; if you walk in my statutes, and keep my commandments, and do them, I will give you rain in its season: and the land shall yield its productions; and the trees of the field shall yield their fruit; and the thresher shall overtake the vintager; and the vintager shall overtake the sower; and you shall eat your bread in plenty; and dwell in your land securely, and war shall not pass through your land. Vv. 1–2 are included for context.

Context Group Version          .

English Standard Version      .

Green’s Literal Translation    .

Legacy Standard Bible           .

Literal Standard Version        If you walk in My statutes, and you keep My commands, and have done them, then I have given your rains in their season, and the land has given her produce, and the tree of the field gives its fruit; and the threshing has reached to you, [and] the gathering, and the gathering reaches the sowing-[time]; and you have eaten your bread to satiety, and have dwelt confidently in your land.

Modern English Version         .

Modern Literal Version 2020  If you* walk in my statutes and keep my commandments and do them, then I will give your* rains in their season and the land will yield its increase and the trees of the field will yield their fruit. And your* threshing will reach to the vintage and the vintage will reach to the sowing time and you* will eat your* bread to the full and dwell in your* land safely.

New American Standard B.    .

New European Version          .

New King James Version       .

Niobi Study Bible                   .

Owen's Translation                .

Revised Mechanical Trans.    If in my customs you will walk, and my directives you will safeguard, and you will do them, then I will give your rain showers in their appointed time, and the land will give her produce, and the tree of the field will give his produce, and the threshing will overtake the vintage for you, and the vintage will overtake the seed, and you will eat your bread to satisfaction, and you will settle safely in the land,...

Updated Bible Version 2.17   .

A Voice in the Wilderness      .

Webster’s Bible Translation  .

World English Bible                .

Young's Literal Translation     .

Young’s Updated LT             .

The gist of this passage: 

3-5

Translation: If you (all) keep on walking in My statutes...

I have never felt as though I had nailed down the difference between statutes, commandments and ordinances. What Clarke wrote on this topic is found in the Addendum.

The problem with these words is, like soul and spirit, even though they most certainly have a specific application, there are times that these words are used non-technically as well.

At this point, I lean toward statutes as referring to God’s directives when it comes to the various feasts, Sabbath days, and animal sacrifices. I lean toward His commandments of referring to the most fundamental of God’s mandates as found in Scripture, as along the lines of the Ten Commandments. I believe that the judgments refer to a connection of a crime with its penalty.

Given where we are in the Law, if you have followed this study from Exodus 20 and forward to this point, it is clear that the system of laws and statutes for the Israelites is very complex, but never arbitrary. Other ancient peoples, when they see the laws under which Israel lives, are dutifully impressed (if they are not negative toward God or toward His laws).

For Israel to walk in God’s statues means that, they have specific rituals and feasts and regulations which they are to follow. The animal sacrifices look forward to the Messiah dying for our sins; the feast days marks Israel’s future, which includes the Messiah. Regulations which deal with clean and unclean foods helps to preserve Israel as a people.

Translation: ...and you (all) keep on guarding (and preserving) My commandments,...

God’s most fundamental commands, which certainly include the Ten Commandments at the very least, are the most fundamental guideposts of Israel. This is what they must preserve and adhere to as a people.

Translation: ...and you (all) have accomplished them,...

Israel, as a nation, is to accomplish or do a very complex set of laws, regulations, and commands, which reveal the wisdom of God even to this day.

When he covered the Ten Commandments, critics love to say that these were not original and that the Jews simply copied everything in the Bible, but that is not true. No culture I am aware of has a set of ten commandments (or eight or twelve) which so perfectly define the relationship between God and man and between man and man. Furthermore, these commandments are fundamental to the laws of divine establishment.

Leviticus 26:3 If you (all) keep on walking in My statutes and you (all) keep on guarding (and preserving) My commandments, and you (all) have accomplished them,... (Kukis mostly literal translation)

This sets up a conditional for the Israelites to follow. But become doers of the Word and not merely hearers who delude themselves; for if any one is a hearer of the word and not a doer, he is like the man who looks at his natural face in a mirror; for he has looked at himself and gone away, he has immediately forgotten what kind of a person he was. But one who looks intently at the Perfect Law, the [Law] of liberty, and abides by it, not having become a forgetful hearer but an effectual doer, this man will be blessed in what he does (James 2:22–25). God's commands, a great portion of the Pentateuch, were to be guarded, which included knowing them, teaching them, obeying them and preserving these commandments. The latter is the emphasis of this word (which is done when they are taught and known); but what also became involved was the meticulous copying of the Law generation after generation so that there were always good copies of the Law. Part of Israel's duties as a client nation to God was to preserve God's Word. A client nation today will be involved in the careful translating of God's Word, the preservation of ancient manuscripts, the publishing of various translations and the dissemination of these Bibles. One of the reasons that 1Corinthians 12 is not an exhaustive listing of every spiritual gift is that those gifts were for those times—some disappeared, some continued—and many gifts were added to the church, including those little appreciated gifts of those who have spent their lives and sometimes given their lives to disseminate God's Word; to find, preserve and disseminate ancient Bible manuscripts; those who have mastered the languages of Greek and Hebrew and have passed this on to Pastor-teachers; and those who have brought God's Word into a language spoken by the common man so that all could handle His Scriptures.

V. 3 is the protasis and v. 4 is the apodosis.

Translation: ...then I have given [the land] your [necessary] rain,...

Fundamental to an agricultural society, where a large portion of its population farms, is rain. They need moderate amounts of rain on a regular basis in order to keep their crops alive and growing.

Translation: ...and the land has given its produce...

With the proper amount of rain, the land gives up its produce (whatever is planted). Israel had four types of grains all designed to ripen at the correct time.

Translation: ...and the tree of the field will give its fruit.

There are trees in the field which yield their fruits (which is the production of the tree, which can also include olives).

Leviticus 26:4 ...then I have given [the land] your [necessary] rain, and the land has given its produce and the tree of the field will give its fruit. (Kukis mostly literal translation)

Leviticus 26:3–4 If you (all) keep on walking in My statutes and you (all) keep on guarding (and preserving) My commandments, and you (all) have accomplished them, then I have given [the land] your [necessary] rain, and the land has given its produce and the tree of the field will give its fruit. (Kukis mostly literal translation)

“I have given you specific statutes and commandments to follow, and if you do, then I will oversee your rain and the production of your land and make you all prosperous.

As I type this, is appears as though Texas will be going through one of the greatest natural disasters of this century (as the news hyped it); we have had very little rain this year (although I began writing this study of Leviticus in 1996, I do not recall for the life of me, 28 years later, what this natural disaster was). We can expect our crops and all industries dependent upon farming to have great price increases. Even in this modern age, just a few months of drought can impact farming for years. The rain coming in their seasons, at particular times, is a blessing from God which is absolutely necessary for agricultural production—and no matter how advanced or how backward a nation is, it is always dependent upon agricultural production. "And I will make them and the places around My hill [Jerusalem] a blessing and I will cause showers to come down in their seasons; they will be showers of blessing." (Ezekiel 34:26).

Translation: Furthermore, the threshing has reached the time of the grapes...

Threshing is the act of separating the grain from the stalk. Timing is everything and here, it is important for the farmer to be able to allocate his time to all the tasks at hand. If one chore overlaps another, then one is neglected and the other is performed. With the rain coming at the proper times, the farmer is allowed to intelligently allocate his time to the various tasks at hand.

Although some of these terms are rare or difficult to define, I believe the idea is, different things happen at different times on a farm. If the farmer is careful enough, he will have stuff to do year round. Everything will not happen all at once.

Translation: ...and [that] time has reached to the seed.

The farmer also needs to know at what time the seeds themselves may be harvested, to use for next year’s crops.

Translation: Also, you (all) have eaten your bread to the full...

As a result of good crop production, the people of Israel have more than enough bread. They can eat and eat their fill.

Translation: ...and you (all) live in security in your land. (Kukis mostly literal translation)

Israel can also live securely in the land, where God watches over them.

Leviticus 26:5 Furthermore, the threshing has reached the time of the grapes and [that] time has reached to the seed. Also, you (all) have eaten your bread to the full and you (all) live in security in your land. (Kukis mostly literal translation)

Finally, what else is promised is security, not to be overlooked or taken for granted. Israel was a small nation and, at this point in time, was not a nation of warriors. God has promised them security in their nation if they walk in His statutes and preserve and do His commandments. This verse receives its ultimate fulfillment in the millennium. "Behold, days are coming," declares Y^ehowah, "When the plowman will overtake the reaper and the treader of grapes him who sows seed; when the mountains will drip sweet wine and all the hills will be dissolved. Also I will restore the captivity of My people Israel and they will rebuilt the ruined cities and live. They will also drink their wine and make gardens and eat their fruit. I will also plant them on their land and they will not again be rooted out from their land which I have given them," says Y^ehowah, their God (Amos 9:13–15).

Leviticus 26:3–5 If you (all) keep on walking in My statutes and you (all) keep on guarding (and preserving) My commandments, and you (all) have accomplished them, then I have given [the land] your [necessary] rain, and the land has given its produce and the tree of the field will give its fruit. Furthermore, the threshing has reached the time of the grapes and [that] time has reached to the seed. Also, you (all) have eaten your bread to the full and you (all) live in security in your land. (Kukis mostly literal translation)

Leviticus 26:3–5 What I expect is simple. If you keep on walking in My statutes and you both guard and preserve My commandments, and you do that things that I require of you, then life in your land will be fruitful and secure. You land will receive rains at proper intervals, which will then produce grains while your trees produce fruits. Furthermore, you will develop a workable cycle each year of threshing, of harvesting your grapes and then sowing your crops. As a result, you will eat your own bread until you are full and you will live securely in your land. (Kukis paraphrase)

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