If you are viewing an HTML document and there are problems with the Hebrew text or the positioning of the text and graphics, there is a more accurate PDF rendering at www.kukis.org/Doctrines/ArkCovenant.pdf Since this is a fairly large document with a lot of graphics, you may need to right click and choose save link as and open it up with Acrobat reader from your own hard drive. I can open this fine from my HD, but not from the website (a problem which I have with most of the larger documents I have placed there).

The most important thing which this picture tells us is that the Ark was overlaid with gold and that the cherubim and the mercy sea are made of gold. From http://www.ebibleteacher.com/images/arkgold.jpg; and, apparently, it was created for the Passion Play, found at http://www.greatpassionplay.com/

Preface: The Ark of the Covenant is one of the most important symbols of the Old Testament. It was designed to represent the most important and fundamental doctrines of Christianity, including the person of Jesus Christ, His sacrifice and the Angelic Conflict. As you read through this doctrine, you will be amazed at the parallels. All of the furniture in the Tabernacle represented Jesus Christ and various aspects of His Work on the cross; however, the Ark of God, the Ark of the Covenant, was the most striking shadow image.

I found two things in particular fascinating: (1) the Jews did not worship the furniture of the Tabernacle in any way; whereas, their heathen neighbors would construct this or that idol, and then bow down to it and even offer up their own children to it. Although the Jews fell into some very reprehensible behavior, including idolatry, they knew not to worship these objects. (2) Even more fascinating is, this Ark of God, the most holy of the Tabernacle furniture, was not to even be seen by the Jews. It was not on display. It was in a room (behind a set of curtains) in a Tabernacle, and only the High Priest, once a year, would come into this room (called the Holy of Holies) and sprinkle blood on the alter of the Ark. Ceremonially, this was the only time any person was to see the Ark.

If you are looking for a short explanation for the Ark of God, you may want to proceed directly to the summary.

Topics:          A Physical Description of the Ark

False Theories of the Ark

The Contents of the Ark

Names for the Ark of God

The Three Stages to the Construction of the Ark

The Day of Atonement

The Ark Leads Israel

The Ark Did Not Go with the Israelites on Every Occasion

Summary Points on the Ark of the Covenant

Charts:          The Hebrew Word for Mercy Seat and Additional Background

The Movement of the Ark of God

Ark Addendum: The Time Problem

1.    The Ark is first mentioned by God in Ex. 25 when a description of it is given to Moses. Moses was to commission certain men to construct the furniture of the Tent of Meeting, and the first piece of furniture described was the Ark.

2.    The Hebrew word for Ark is ărôwn (ןר ֲא) [pronounced uh-ROHN], which means ark, chest. Although usually a masculine noun, this is also found in the feminine gender. Strong’s #727 BDB #75. Other uses for ărôwn would include:

       1)    A chest wherein money offerings were kept (II Kings 12:10, 11 II Chron. 24:8, 10, 13, 14).

       2)    The sarcophagus or mummy case for Joseph (Gen. 50:26).

       3)    Therefore, the primary meaning of ărôwn is container or chest.

The images herein found are educated guesses as to how the Ark of God actually looked. Taken from http://www.christiananswers.net/eden/arkofthecovenant.jpg.

       4)    This is not the same as the word used for Noah’s ark. That is tê^bvâh (הָב̤) [pronounced tay^b -VAW], which means an ark, a chest. Tê^bvâh is used only for the ark which Noah built (Gen. 6–8) and the ark in which Moses was placed as an infant (Ex. 2:3, 5). Strong’s #8392 BDB #1061.  

3.    Physical description (Ex. 25:10–22):

       1)    The Ark would be made first from Acacia wood, and would have the dimensions 2.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 cubits. Since a cubit is approximately 18 inches, this would give us the dimensions 45" x 27" x 27". Less precisely, it would have been approximately four feet long, two feet high and two feet wide. Ex. 25:10

       2)    The Ark would be overlaid with gold inside and out, and then there would be an additional gold molding around it (Ex. 25:11). It is unclear in the verse whether this molding was around the top, middle or bottom. However, the Ark stood upon four legs (called four feet in Ex. 25:12). Logically, given v. 12, this molding would have been around the bottom and would have included four legs.

       3)    Since the Ark had to be moved occasionally, and since men were not to touch it, rings were added to it to allow for it to be moved (poles would be placed through the rings and men would lift the poles, thus lifting the Ark).

               (1)   The four rings were made of gold and attached to the bottom of the Ark to its four legs, two on each side (Ex. 25:12).

               (2)   Poles were made out of Acacia wood and then overlaid with gold. The two poles (I assume that it is two) would be placed through the rings and men would carry the Ark by lifting up the poles. I have this visual recollection of Cleopatra being carried on a throne which was carried by several men in very much the same way. In any case, these poles were to remain in the rings of the Ark. Ex. 25:13–15.

       4)    On top of the Ark was attached a mercy seat or a propitiatory seat which was 2 cubits by 1.5 cubits (or, 36" x 27"). Mercy seat is actually one word in the Hebrew, and we will cover that below:

The Ark of the Covenant is on the right in the background. This is not an accurate representation of how the furniture was kept in the Tabernacle.

       5)    You may have noticed that the mercy seat on top of the Ark covered the width of the Ark, but not the length. On each sides of the Ark top, there would have been an additional 4.5". One each side of the mercy seat was sculpted a cherub (cherubim is plural), which is representative of an angel. They probably looked essentially human in appearance, apart from the wings (see Ezek. 1:5). It appears as though the mercy seat and the cherubim were fashioned as one piece, or were fitted together to make one piece. The cherubim faced one another, but they looked down at the mercy seat. Their wings covered the mercy seat. Ex. 25:18–20

4.    False theories of the Ark:

       1)    It might be argued that the Ark was an idol which was worshipped by Israel instead of the golden calf. However, in the formal writings of Moses, the Ark was not designed for that purpose; and when the Israelites began to treat the Ark with that intent, the Ark was taken from them (I Sam. 4–7).

       2)    There is another theory that the Ark bore only a slight resemblance to that which what we find in the Pentateuch. It is maintained by some that the Ark was more of an empty throne for Jehovah God to sit upon. Therefore, the Cherubim would have had to have either been a matter of the imagination of some writer during the days of Solomon, or the description, where their wings covered the top portion of the Ark, the mercy seat, had to be wrong. Two of the men who developed this theory in the first decade of the nineteenth century, Reichel and Meinhold, claimed that, at Mount Sinai, Moses had this rock throne for Jehovah. When the Israelites set out from Sinai, they then constructed a portable throne so that God would travel with them. They further maintained that Jehovah was visibly seen upon this throne. I don’t know why or how they would assert that, but I don’t think it is really worth my time to track down their books to find out. Others joined in agreement (notably Martin Dibellius and Hermann Gunkel), who claim that the Persians and other ancient peoples also had empty thrones for their gods, and I guess conclude that Israel simply copied them. The second main justification is that God spoke from this throne on occasion. You may wonder, from where do these guys get this stuff? It is simply negative volition toward the truth. Generally speaking, you take the Bible as it is, and the descriptions and purpose for a particular construction as it is stated. Some people look for recognition in a variety of ways. Unearthing some new doctrine or theory from the Scriptures is one way. Now, I firmly believe that there are still some important truths embedded in the Scriptures, and that there are many passages where the exegesis can be more accurately presented. But presenting some oddball theory which flies in the face of orthodoxy is quite another thing. ISBE’s simply refutation: ...empty thrones of the gods are found only among the Aryan people, and all of the passages of the OT which refer to the ark can be easily explained without such a supposition. This view is to be rejected particularly for this reason, that in the OT the ark is always described as an ark, and never as a throne or a seat; and because it is absolutely impossible to see what reason would have existed at a later period to state that it was an ark if it had originally been a throne. Let me add that, the only time Israel imputed a different meaning to the Ark than was clearly intended by Moses, they would soundly defeated by the Philistines (to be discussed later in this doctrine) and the Ark was taken from them.

5.    Twice in the context of Ex. 25, that God would tell Moses that he is to place in the Ark the testimony that God would give him (Ex. 25:16, 21). This testimony ended up being more than the written word.

       1)    The first item placed in the Ark was the testimony, which was the Ten Commandments, which had been carved into stone. This is the only item mentioned in the Old Testament. Ex. 40:20 Deut. 10:1–5

       2)    Interestingly enough, there are two other items which were originally placed into the Ark which are not specifically named as being put into the Ark in the Old Testament but only in the New. We are told in Heb. 9:4 that inside the Ark were three objects:

               (1)   A golden jar which held manna (this represents the provision of God). Now we are told, in Ex. 16:32–33 that a jar of manna was placed before Jehovah and was to be kept throughout your generations. Aaron placed it before the testimony (which would either be the two tablets of stone or that which Moses wrote down, quoting directly from God).

               (2)   Aaron’s rod which budded (this represents resurrection from the dead). In Num. 10–11, during the march of Israel towards the Land of Promise, we have Korah’s rebellion, and God’s swift and sure judgment of Korah and his family. There were some who were still uneasy about this judgment, so Moses took a staff from each member of the twelve tribes (including Aaron’s which was the tribe of Levi), and placed all twelve of them in the Tent of Meeting. On the next day, Aaron’s staff had budded, had blossoms, and fully grown, ripened almonds on it. The point of this was that God would choose Aaron as His first High Priest, and He did not want the other tribes to grumble, because Aaron was the brother of Moses. However, behind all of this is the idea of resurrection, where not only did the dead rod bud, but it produced almonds. In Num. 17:10, it is clear that the rod of Aaron was kept back in the Tent of Meeting, but it is not clear that it was placed into the Ark of the Covenant.

               (3)   The tables of the covenant (the Ten Commandments). These represent the perfection of God’s requirements and our failure to meet those requirements.

       3)    At the time when the Ark was moved from a tent to the Temple of Solomon, the only thing which remained in the Ark was the stone tablets upon which were written the Ten Commandments. I Kings 8:9 II Chron. 5:10

       4)    The book which Moses wrote (Exodus through Numbers) was placed next to the Ark. Deut. 31:24–26.

       5)    Again, just as with the Ark itself, there are false theories concerning this. There are those who vehemently maintain that the tablets of stone written by God did not exist, and, even if they had, the Israelites would not have put them into a chest which could not be opened up for viewing. What is not understood by these critics is that often, for ancient business agreements, there would be as many as three copies. The two parties each had a copy and a third copy would be kept sealed in a secure location, in case there were a reason to appeal to it later (Jer. 32:11–14 gives us an example of a sealed copy of a real estate agreement which was kept in a secure location). ISBE is a source of a number of oddball theories, e.g., in the ark were meteor stones (in which would be divine power), a stone idol of Jehovah God (which makes a great deal of sense, given that the Law expressly forbade idolatry), stones indicating some alliance of the tribes, etc. Surprisingly enough (to me, anyway), the only theory which ISBE gives some credence to is the one about meteor stones. A stone flying from the heavens would be seen as a sign of an agreement between God and Israel, and therefore be kept to signify this agreement. However, none of this has any supporting evidence in the Scriptures, which, even as simple historical documents, should be given more credence than the imagination of a critic of 3500 years later.

6.    In the Greek, there is only one word for ark, and that is kibôtos (κιβωτός) [pronounced kib-oh-TOSS]. It is used both for the ark that Noah built (Matt. 24:38 Luke 17:27 Heb. 11:7 I Peter 3:20) and for the Ark of the Covenant (Heb. 9:4 Rev. 11:19). This explains why we translate the two Hebrew words with only one English word. Strong’s #2787. The Ark of the Covenant

7.    Various names for the Ark of God:

       1)    The Ark of the Testimony (Ex. 25:16, 22). This is the first formal name given to the Ark of God and it refers to the doctrinal information inherent in the Ark itself. It was a testimony as to God’s character and God’s plan. This was the name given to the Ark prior to Israel’s movement from Sinai. This name is found 14 times in the Old Testament.

       2)    The Ark of the Covenant of Jehovah (Num. 10:33 Deut. 31:25–26). A covenant is an agreement made between two parties, and this Ark was a testimony to God’s promise to redeem all of Israel. It is so used 31 times in the Bible. After Moses had received the Law from Jehovah God directly, and after Israel set out towards the Land of Promise, the Ark was consistently called the Ark of the Covenant, and it is so called 27 times in Scripture. Part of this had to do with the fact that Moses placed the two tablets of stone, with the Ten Commandments upon them, into the Ark (Deut. 10:1–5).

       3)    The Ark of Y^ehowah when Joshua knelt before the Ark after Israel’s defeat at Ai (Joshua 7:1–6) and during the time that it was returned to Israel from Philistia (I Sam. 6:6, 21).

       4)    The Ark of God during a time when visions and words from Jehovah were infrequent (I Sam. 3:1–3) and King Saul called it that in I Sam. 14:18. It was also called the Ark of God and the Ark of Y^ehowah when David brought the Ark back from the house of Abinadab (II Sam. 6). The name, Ark of God, is found 34 times in Scripture.

       5)    The Ark of Your Might, during Solomon’s dedication of the Temple (II Chron. 6:41; see also Psalm 132:8).

8.    God spoke to Moses from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubim. In the Law, Moses is very careful to separate the voice of God from the Ark itself—i.e., the voice came out of midair and not from the ark itself. It is probably from the Ark that God dictated the book of Leviticus to Moses. Ex. 25:22 Lev. 1:1 Num. 7:89

9.    It is important that we distinguish between the Ark itself and God.

       1)    On the one hand, the throne of God is said to be above the Ark, or above the mercy seat.

       2)    God also allowed for His Ark to be taken from Israel in battle (on one occasion; the second time this was done, it was unauthorized).

       3)    God occasionally used the Ark as a meeting place between Himself and a particular believer (and these would be rare occasions; once a year when the High Priest would enter into the Holy of Holies to sprinkle blood on the Mercy Seat), as the Ark was more closely associated with the character and person of God than any other piece of furniture in the Tabernacle (the Tent of God) (Ex. 25:22 Lev. 1:1). However, bear in mind that God was in no way confined to the Ark nor did He occupy the Ark in some special way. By virtue of what the Ark was and where it was (in the Holy of Holies), it was a particularly convenient place from which to speak to Moses (for instance).

       4)    A good modern-day equivalent might be your personal Bible. God often speaks to you through His Word, whether through being taught or, on occasion, through your personal reading of His Word. This does not mean that God indwells or inhabits your Bible in some goofy, ethereal way. The mere existence of the Ark in the Tent of God (and later on, in the Temple of God) did not guarantee God’s presence or blessing to Israel no more than owning a Bible makes you a Christian.

10.  When the Tent of God was set up, the Ark of God was to be placed in the Holy of Holies, which was a compartment inside the tent that no one, apart from the High Priest, could go into. Ex. 26:33–34 40:3, 21 Lev. 16

11.  On the other side of the veil was the Incense Altar. Ex. 30:1–6 40:5

12.  Just like the priests, the furniture of the Tent of Meeting were anointed with oil to indicate that they were to be put into God’s service. The idea being conveyed here is that, apart from the ministry of God the Holy Spirit (Who is often represented by oil), these furnishings are nothing; they are meaningless. In the same way, a priest of God is worthless apart from God the Holy Spirit. Ex. 30:25–30

13.  There were three stages to the construction of the Ark:

       1)    The planning stage, where God gave Moses the details as to how the Ark was to be built (Ex. 25).

       2)    The choosing of the workmen to do most of the work on the Ark (and the other pieces of furniture).

               (1)   First, God told Moses who was going to do the work. Ex. 31

               (2)   Then Moses called to the people to participate in this project. Ex. 35:10–19

       3)    Finally, we have the actual building of the Ark itself. The workmen’s names, by the way, were Bezalel and Oholiab. Ex. 37:1–9

       4)    It was God’s intention for this to be a further analogy to the sacrifice of His Son. We initially have the plan of God, which set forth the creation of man, the foreknowledge of man’s fall, and the provision. The provision was Christ Jesus, the God-man, Who would come to the earth in the fulness of time. Then we have the actual fulfillment of the plan of God in the person of Christ in the gospels.

14.  The Levites had unspecified duties involving the various articles of furniture, including the Ark of God. Num. 3:25–37 Deut. 10:8–9 31:9

15.  Bear in mind that the Ark and the Tent of God were constructed while Israel was camped in the Sinai Desert during the time that Moses spoke with God on Mount Sinai. Then the Ark went with Israel as they moved through the desert towards the Land of Promise. After the Ark and the articles of furniture and the Tent of Meeting had been constructed, then they had to be moved with Israel. In Num. 4:5–6, the moving of the Ark is described (see Num. 4:4–15). When they traveled, the Ark of the Covenant went before them (Num. 10:33–36). See also Ex. 37:1–9 Num. 33.

16.  The most important function of the Ark of God was on the Day of Atonement. Lev. 16

       1)    The Day of Atonement was a yearly occurrence wherein the High Priest would enter into the Holy of Holies. This was to take place on the tenth day of the seventh month (Lev. 16:29 Num. 29:7). The High priest only enters [into the Holy of Holies] once a year, not without blood, which he offers for himself and for the sins of the people committed in ignorance (Heb. 9:7). Whereas, only the High Priest could enter into the Holy of Holies, as the sacrifices that he performed were representative of that which was to come, we have confidence to enter the holy place by the blood of Jesus, by a new and living way which He inaugurated for us through the veil, that is, His flesh, and since we have a great priest over the House of God (Heb. 10:19b–21).

       2)    This day was a Sabbath to the people of Israel, meaning that God completed all of the work which needed to be done and the people did not work at all. Lev. 23:26–32 Num. 29:7 Heb. 4:9

       3)    The ceremony of the Day of Atonement is first presented as a ceremony for Aaron, following the death of his sons, but God added that this would be an annual event to be observed by all of Israel (Lev. 16:1, 29–34).

       4)    Part of this annual event included the sacrifice of seven male, one-year old lambs. Seven is the number of perfection and the lamb represents our Lord Jesus Christ. With the lambs there was to be a grain offering as well. This is mentioned in Numbers but not in Leviticus. Num. 29:8, 10. The sacrificial lamb always pointed toward of our Lord: Knowing that you were not redeemed with perishable things like silver or gold from your empty manner of life inherited from your forefathers, but with the precious blood, as of an unblemished and spotless lamb—the blood of Christ (I Peter 1:19).

       5)    The High Priest who performed this ceremony would have to bathe and then put on a special set of holy garments (Lev. 16:4). This set the High Priest apart and was a shadow image of holiness of He Who was to come. For it is proper that we should have such a High Priest, holy, innocent, undefiled, separated from sinners and exalted above the heavens; who does not need daily, like those [mortal] High Priests, to offer up sacrifices, first for His own sins, and then for the sins of the people, because this He did once for all when He offered up Himself (Heb. 7:26–27).

       6)    He offers up two male goats for a sin offering and one ram for burnt offering (Lev. 16:5, 7). The two goats are presented to the Lord at the doorway to the tent of meeting. One goat is offered as a sin offering and the other is the scapegoat who is presented alive before the Lord and then sent into the desert wilderness (Lev. 16:7–10). The two male goats are chosen based upon lots which were thrown, which, at that time, represented God’s will in the matter (Lev. 16:8). The first goat, of course, represents our Lord’s payment for sin; and the second goat represents two things: (1) that the payment for sin has not been offered yet, so the goat is alive; and, (2) the payment of sin would fall upon one whom the Lord has chosen.

       7)    The High Priest also offers up a bull offering for himself. Aaron was not pure or holy and the blood of the bull covered over his sins. Although Aaron makes atonement for himself and his household (who are the priests to follow him, and thus sets them apart from all of Israel), he offers up the bull for himself alone to identify the High Priest closely with the blood of the bull. The bull represents the power and strength of our Lord. We are so used to Him being represented by a meek lamb, but He is herein presented as a bull. Lev. 16:11. For the Law appoints men as High Priests, who are weak, but the word of the oath, which came after the Law, designates a Son, made perfect forever (Heb. 7:28).

       8)    Now, even though Aaron offers the bull up for himself, he enters into the Holy of Holies with the blood of the bull on his finger and he sprinkles this blood upon the mercy seat, which is on top of the Ark. He does this seven times. The seven times is the number of perfection and the blood on his finger more closely identifies Aaron, the High Priest, with the sacrifice of the bull. Lev. 16:11, 14.

       9)    Between the time of slaughtering the bull and sprinkling its blood on the mercy seat, Aaron is to take a fire pan full of hot coals from the altar, along with two handfuls of finely ground sweet incense, and bring it inside the veil. The incense if placed on the fire of the coals before Jehovah, and the cloud of incense covers the mercy seat, so that Aaron does not die. The smoke from the incense represents the sweet savor of the sacrifice of our Lord to God the Father, which indicates that God the Father is satisfied with His death. The smoke covering the mercy seat does two things: (1) Aaron, the first High Priest, so that he can perform this ritual and does not die from looking upon that which is so holy; and, (2) it represents the thick darkness which covered our Lord at His crucifixion when He was being judged in our stead for our sins. Lev. 16:12–13.

       10)  It is at this time that the goat is actually offered. The goat is offered for the sins of the people of Israel. The blood of the goat is also sprinkled upon the mercy seat as Aaron did with the blood of the bull. This indicates that the two sacrifices are actually but one sacrifice. The goat is offered for the people and as an atonement for the holy place (the Tent of Meeting). The idea is that this was simply an imperfect, earthly shadow of what was to come. The offering purified the people and the Tent of Meeting. Lev. 16:15–16.

       11)  When Aaron makes atonement in the holy place, no one is to come into the Tent of Meeting until he comes out, so that he may make atonement for himself and for his household, and for all the assembly of Israel (Lev. 16:17). This emphasizes that our Lord offered up Himself alone. It is His payment alone which pays for our sins and it is what only He can do on our behalf. Now Aaron, being a man, had to make atonement for Himself, so the slaughter was for Aaron, his household and all the assembly of Israel, which represents all of those who are saved.

       12)  Then some of the blood of the bull and the goat are placed upon the horns of the altar. The blood is also sprinkled upon the altar seven times. Just as we are allowed to see some of the sacrifice of our Lord (theologically), Israel could observe this portion of the ceremony. Lev. 16:18–19.

       13)  Once all of this has been completed, Aaron offers the remaining live goat to our Lord. He lays his hands on the head of the live goat and He confesses over it all the iniquities of the sons of Israel, and all their transgressions with regards to all their sins. And he lays them on the head of the goat and sends it away into the desert wilderness by the hand of a man who is ready (Lev. 17:21b). This goat bears the iniquities and is released into the desert wilderness, representing the resurrection of our Lord. This is why it is a second goat. The two goats represent One Man, the Man Christ Jesus, who exists forevermore as two separate but united natures. The first goat which is sacrificed is His offering on the cross and the second goat, the scapegoat, is His resurrection.

       14)  Now Aaron, who is also a type of Christ, removes His linen garments which he put on when he went into the holy place, and he will leave them there (Lev. 16:23b). This represents the body of our Lord which remained in the grave for three days and three nights, although His soul and spirit left His body. In I Peter 3:18–20, we have the soul of our Lord, after having been put to death in the flesh, making a victorious proclamation to the spirits who were in prison. On the cross, Jesus said two things which indicate where His soul and spirit went at His death. He said, “Father, into Your hands I commit my spirit.” (Luke 23:46). This indicated that His spirit went to God the Father when His human body died. He also told the thief on the cross, “Today, you will be with Me in paradise.” (Luke 23:43b). Paradise, which is also known as Abraham’s bosom, is a compartment of Hades where all believers went prior to the resurrection. The soul of Jesus went into paradise, as did the soul of the thief on the cross.

       15)  While still inside the Tent of Meeting, Aaron is then to bathe and put on another set of clothes, again representing the purity (sinlessness) of our Lord as well as the resurrection in a new body (a resurrected body, which is somehow made out of the human body).

       16)  Once Aaron comes out of the Tent of Meeting, he then offers the ram as a burnt offering. (Lev. 16:3b, 5, 24–25).

       17)  The one who offers the scapegoat into the desert wilderness is to wash himself as well (Lev. 16:26). Again, the purity of our Lord in His offering of Himself is emphasized.

       18)  Finally, the remains of the bull of and goat which were offered are taken outside the camp and they are burned completely in the fire. This emphasizes the completeness and finality of the sacrifice of our Lord. The one who does the burning must also cleanse himself before returned to the camp. Lev. 16:27–28.

       19)  This atonement is to be done once a year by the High Priest. The time interval is representative of the fact that this occurs but once. For by one offering, He has perfected for all time those who are sanctified (Heb. 10:14). However, the ritual must be repeated as a teaching aide. The idea is that generation after generation of Israelites are to observe this ritual, not fully grasping its significance until our Lord offers Himself up one time for all.

       20)  The sacrifces of this day (and the other sacrifices) were shadows of that which were to come. For the Law, since it is only a shadow of the good things to come and not the very form of things, can never, by the same sacrifices year by year, which they offer continually, make perfect those who draw near. Otherwise, they would not have ceased to be offered, because the worshipers, having once been cleansed, would no longer have had consciousness of sins. But in those sacrifices, there is a reminder of sins year by year, for it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins (Heb. 10:1–3).

       21)  What the day of atonement represents is described in Rom. 3:24–26: Being justified as a gift by His grace through the redemption which is in Christ Jesus, whom God displayed publically as a propitiation in His blood through faith. This demonstrated His righteousness because in the forbearance of God, He passed over the sins previously committed, for the demonstration of His righteousness at the present time, that He might be just and the justifier of the one who has faith in Jesus.

17.  The movement of the Ark is covered in the chart below: